What Are the Qualities That an Ideal Person Should Cultivate?

What ar the qualities that an holy person person should cultivate, possess, and pr fermentice harmonise to Confucius? 1. access In this paper, I impart discuss what qualities should be cultivated, possessed, and get alongd for an ideal person according to Confucius. Although Confucius regards hu compositionness, wisdom, and courage as the radical threefold towards macrocosm a junzi ( skipper universe/ideal person, ), in that location has been an ongoing disagreement among scholars regarding the qualities that argon needed to become an ideal person or a junzi.I shall put to shoemakers last my purpose by set-back providing a basic footing of knowledge on the subject field, then identifying two conflicting interpretations of the qualities that are required by Hosung Ahn and Ha Poong Kim, adding my sustain critical response, and lastly offering my resolution exploitation Antonio S. Cuas interpretation on the topic. I will use Confucian analecta (1895) by James Legge a s my primary source, along with Junzi as a Tragic Person A Self psychological variation of the analecta (Ahn, 2008), Confuciuss aesthetic Concept of Noble Man beyond Moralism (Ha, 2006), and Virtues of Junzi (Cua, 2007) as my secondary sources. . mount Information According to Chinese tradition, Confucius is atomic number 53 of the most knocked out(p)standing thinker, semipolitical figure, educator, philosopher, and the founder of the Ru (? ) School of Chinese thought. Our textbook The easterly Paths to Philosophic Self-Enlightenment An introduction to Eastern Philosophies (2002) written by Professor Phan points out that Confuciuss thoughts are preserved in the Lunyu ( ) or the Analects, which is integrity of the Four Books. It is worth noning that the Analects was not written by Master Kong Zi (Confucius, himself, save complied by his close disciples when they recollected his utters after Confuciuss death. defined by Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Confuciuss dida cticss create the foundation on most of subsequent Chinese speculation on the education and comportment of the junzi ( ), and how much(prenominal)(prenominal) an individual should live his life, interact with other(a)s, and the types of society and government in which he should participate. On one hand, in 1420, the Master said, The way of the superior man is threefold, but I am not equal to it.Virtuous, he is free from anxieties wise, he is free from perplexities bold he is free from fear. small-arm on the other hand, scholars have try oned to interpret the qualities of junzi unalikely. In the attached section, I shall examine the conflicting interpretations of Ahn and Kim. 3. First exposition by Hosung Ahn A. Background on Confucianism and Psychological Connotations of Junzi In Ahns article, he provides historical soil information on Confucianism creation the most efficient ideological heart of medieval and modern authoritarian governments in China and Korea (Ahn, 2008 ).Yet, Ahn argues that in the lineage of quoting Weber (1968), Confucianism and Daoism could not be introduced into modern capitalism due to their thisworldliness. Ahn depicts Confucianism as one of the major hindrances in the road toward modernization and industrialization and considers Confucius as a stubborn and conservative virtuousist whose ethical codes were oppressive. By introducing Heinz Kohut, an Austrian-born American psychoanalyst, Ahn compares Kohutian psychoanalysis such as self-psychology with Confucianisms ideal person in the Analects.Ahn provides the basic soil information in the purpose of identifying Confucianism as world neither sophisticated nor systematized yet, Ahn suggests that the Analects could be interpreted as a pre-psychoanalytic self-psychology owing to the abundant self mental insights in the Analects. Ahn then defines junzi as a prince literally and a gentleman ordinarily, and that in Confucianism, a junzi is a grand person who attempts to act ualize Confucian primal virtues in concrete human relationships at any cost.A junzi has often been considered a conformist or a conservative (Ahn, 2008). Furthermore, Ahn states that Confucianism creation established as an ethical and political orthodoxy in Korea was a rigid and authoritarian formalistic, and of which courtesy, rituals, and humanity were the fundamental standards of be a junzi (see Shun 2002). B. Ahns Thesis In this article, Ahn (2008) specifically points out that a junzi is a tragic person in the Kohutian sense. Like a tragic person, a junzi follows his or her ideals with values deeply anchored in oneself counterbalance at the expense of ones death. Ahn thinks the most valuable standards of being a junzi are courtesy and rituals he states that, Confucius himself severely criticizes the out-of-doorized debaucher and wideness without the internalized quality of character (Ahn, 2008). Most importantly, Ahn addresses that the core characteristic of the Kohutian tragic person is almost identically expressed in the Analects humanity (ren, ? ), which is the eventual(prenominal) virtue of Confucianism and that a junzi would rather die than giving up his or her ideals and values which Ahn refers to as strikingly similar to Kohuts definition of a tragic person.In damage of Ahns motives for supporting his claim, he brings out the topic of xiaoren (small man, ) and defines it as those whose ideals and values are superficially situated on the chief as compared to junzi in the Analects (Ahn, 2008). Ahn then identifies the difference amidst a xiaoren and a junzi employing Confuciuss saying, The gentleman (junzi) is conversant with righteousness the small man (xiaoren) is conversant with profit (Analects, 4. 16). Ahn points out that because a xiaoren focus on what is adept to him or her only, he or she cannot but be vulnerable to the external vicissitudes.Similarly, according to Kohut, a xiaoren would quickly and opportunistically adjust his or her convictions under the set of external pressures (cited in Ahn, 2008) whereas a junzi is determined to adhere to the good (Way) until death (Analects, 8. 13). Ahn then considers this determination as courage, and he quotes Kohut (1985) that The culminate peace (in his death) achieved by the hero isthe ultimate ascendancy of a firm and life-affirming self (p. 27).Ahn encourage proves that Confucius has expressed the same idea finished If a man in the morning hears the right way, he may die in the level without regret (Analects, 4. 8). Thus, Hosung Ahn summarizes that a junzi, according to Confucius, is a person who attendes for the achievement of a psychological synthesis at all costs (Ahn, 2008). In other words, Hosung Ahn interprets that Confucius thinks the quality an ideal person should cultivate, possess, and practice is the spirit of achieving a psychological synthesis or preserving his or her ideals and values at all costs. 4.Second Interpretation by Ha Poong Kim A. B ackground on Aesthetic Concept of a Noble Man In Kims article, he provides historical background information of the Analects being narrowly and moralistically interpreted. Kim points out that Confuciuss re go overs such as from the Book of Songs and Music are commonly given an ethical meaning owing to the tradition of Confuciuss key term ren (humanness, ? ) as being an ethical term. Through offering a historical footing as a foundation, Kim attempts to let out Confuciuss humanistic interpretation of ren as humanness or the human spirit.In details, Kim (2006) addresses that while the word ren only seldom occurs in the pre-Confucian literature, it is used in works such as the Songs and the (Book of) History, essentially as a synonym of ren. To demonstrate that Confuciuss teaching ren for the first time as the supreme principle of human existence and that Confucius is the sentry of the human spirit in Chinese civilization, Kim introduces and explains other meanings and definitions of ren used in other Confucius or Mencius materials.Also, Ha Poong Kim offers the background information of one-dimensional symbol of the Confucian junzi as a rigid moralist, a man whose distinguishing mark is just a fastidious observance of li (rites, ? ) (Kim, 2006). With all the background information and explanation provided by Kim, he expresses the incident that some of Confuciuss sayings in the Analects are purely esthetic and any attempt to moralistically interpret them distorts their meanings. B. Kims Thesis Kim (2006) agrees with the normativity of Confuciuss concept of ren, yet he argues that the ground of its normativity is fundamentally aesthetic.In supporting his claim, Kim applies Confuciuss teaching Recognize beauty in abiding in ren. If one chooses not to stay in ren, how can one be considered to have attained wisdom? (Analects, 41) Kim interprets this saying as Confucius stressing the recognition of the beauty of ren as a essential condition of human wisdom, whi ch is equivalent to the sense of the human spirit. Kim defines this recognition as an aesthetic awareness. Then, through applying Confuciuss saying To become a junzi Ru (noble scholar, ), not a xiaoren Ru (common scholar, (Analects, 611) Kim points out the difference between a junzi and a xiaoren ultimately comes from the noble mans awareness of the beauty of ren, which the small man (xiaoren) lacks. Kim explains that since a junzi has this aesthetic sensibility of humanness, he naturally desires, loves, and delights in ren and every manifestation of it. For the purpose of backing up Kims claim, he states Confucius believes that by studying the Songs, one would be scoop up awakened, which then explains why Confucius repeatedly urges his pupils to study the Songs.Kim argues that Confuciuss teaching is to helper the students become a junzi, who is a lover of ren, through arousing humanness that is obtained through the study of music. In this particular main stemma, Kim (2006) summarizes that for Confuciuss spiritual awakening, specifically the aesthetic awakening to ren, is the presupposition of the education of junzi. Without this wakening, the learner or scholar will remain a xiaoren Ru, no matter how well versed he may be in ritual subjects, and regardless of how blameless he may be in his ethical conduct. Next, Kim offers another important argument that during Confuciuss years of wandering from state to state in search of a good ruler, he rarely parted with his lute. Sima Qian, an Ancient Chinese historian, revealed that once, surrounded by two hostile armies, Confucius and his disciples ran out of provisions in the wilderness between the states of Chen and Cai. With some of his disciples falling ill and being unable to get up, Confucius calmly continued singing songs and plucking his lute.Kim regards Confuciuss act as a man capable of forgetting everything else while enjoying music. Thus, in Kims point of view, what fundamentally separates Confucius s junzi from the rest of humanity is the junzis aesthetic sensibility to ren. In other words, Kim believes that according to Confucius, the quality a junzi should cultivate, possess, and practice is the aesthetic awareness. Nevertheless, Kim quotes that through stressing the junzi as an aesthetic man, he is not denying a junzis many-sidedness. 5. CritiqueI agree with Hosung Ahns claim regarding junzi as a noble person who attempts to actualize Confucian cardinal virtues, and that courtesy, rituals, humanness, and courage are important criterions of becoming a junzi. Moreover, I agree with Ahns claim that a junzi would follow his or her ideals and values deeply anchored in oneself even at the expensed of death. However, I strongly disagree with Ahns opinion of Confuciuss teaching or his physiqueification of a junzi as a tragic person. In my point of view, Ahn has made an inaccurate interpretation of one Confuciuss saying from the Analects.In 48, Confucius teaches that If a man in t he morning hear(s) the right way, he may die in the evening without regret. Ahn interprets this saying as Confuciuss advocating of a junzi who must search for achievements of a psychological synthesis at all costs (Ahn, 2008), and this remarkably resembles a tragic person. As the pattern we conducted in our philosophy class on textual hermeneutics of the Confucian Dao in the Analects, this Confuciuss saying represents the importance of the Dao (way, ? which according to Confucius, with the experience of hearing the Dao, one could die without regrets afterwards. Thus, this person or this junzi would be a adroit person since he contains the very important factor Dao, and that he is suddenly not a tragic person as Hosung Ahn considers as. In terms of Ha Poong Kims interpretation of a junzi, I agree with Kim regarding the fact that Confucius repeatedly urges his disciples to study the Songs and Music because it would indeed help his pupils awaken and broaden their minds, enjoy the six arts, and commit to the Dao.I also agree with Kim that a junzi is many-sidedness. What I do not agree with Kim is his differentiation of a junzi and a xiaoren through aesthetic awareness. As I mentioned above, Kim (2006) summarizes in this particular main argument that without this wakening, the learning or scholar will remain a xiaoren Ru, no matter how well versed he may be in ritual subjects, and no matter how blameless he may be in his ethical conduct. In my opinion, apart from pointing out Confucius advocates his pupils to study the Songs and Music, Kim has not given sufficient evidence to support this claim.He has not shown any Confuciuss teaching that could demonstrate the fundamental difference between a xiaorens and a junzis aesthetic awareness, but rather Kim provides claims simply from his own exploration of Confuciuss thoughts. To get on prove that Kims interpretation is inaccurate, there are numerous examples of junzi lacking of musical talents and xiaoren being e xtremely smart in aesthetic. In my opinion, Confucius does believe that music could change ones mind, adjust ones mood, smooth ones qi (energy) and etc. , but Confucius certainly does not identify a junzi from a xiaoren based on aesthetics. . Resolution Inter bloodsucking and Dependent Virtues of Junzi According to Antonio S. Cua, junzi is a paradigmatic individual who sets the tone and quality of the life of ordinary moral agents, and a junzi is a person who embodies ren (humanness, ? ), yi (righteousness, ? ), li (rites, ?). In addition, unlike Ahn or Kim, Cua recognizes that except the basic, interdependent, and cardinal virtues of ren, yi, and li, a junzi also involves particular dependent virtues such as filiality (xiao, ? ), magnanimity (kuan, ? ), trustworthiness (xin, ? ), and courage (yong, ? ).Cua regards these as dependent virtues in the sense that their ethical significance depends on connection with the basic, interdependent, and cardinal virtues and Antonio S. Cua fur ther stresses that dependent virtues are not subordinate or logical derivatives of the basic virtues. In 1430, the Master said, The way of the superior man is threefold, but I am not equal to it. Virtuous, he is free from anxieties wise, he is free from perplexities bold, he is free from fear. As we interpreted in class that according to Confucius, to become a junzi, one must be morally good, intellectually wise, and psychologically brave.In my point of view, I highly agree with Cuas claim and I think although Confucius identifies humanness, wisdom, and courage as the superior mans three core virtues, interdependent virtues and dependent virtues work unneurotic to form the junzi. To clarify, Antonio S. Cua borrows Xunzis musical note, a Chinese Confucian philosopher who lived during the Warring States effect and contributed to one of the Hundred Schools of Thought, the cardinal virtues ren, yi, and li are generic terms, and dependent virtues such as xiao, kuan, xin, yong are sp ecified terms.In other words, specified terms are terms that specify the concrete significance of the cardinal virtues in particular contexts of discourse (Cua, 2007). To demonstrate further, in the Analects, we could find fragments of Confuciuss remarks that mention both cardinal virtues and dependent virtues in the same contexts. For example, There were quaternion things which the Master taught letters (wen, ? ), ethics (xing, ? ), devotion of soul (zhong, ? ), and truthfulness (xin, ? ). Confucius, The Analects, 7. 25And in 1428 we could find Confuciuss teaching of ren, zhi (wisdom, ? ), and yong (courage, ? ) in 319 li and zhong in 134 li, yi, and xin and so on. For trial-and-error purposes, Cua regards dependent virtues as two different groups accessary and constitutive virtues. Cua explains that the distinction between are that the former are genial or helpful, though not necessary, to the development of the cardinal virtues such as ren, yi, and li whereas the latter, are those that are both supportive and constitutive of the quality of the cardinal virtues actualized (Cua, 2007).Also, depending on the character and temperament, a constitutive and supportive virtue varies, that is, what is merely a constitutive attribute in one person may be a supportive merit for another. Thus, Cua believes that Confuciuss idea of the junzi is flexible or adaptable, and I highly agree with him. To sum up, in my point of view, according to Confucius, what qualities a junzi should cultivate, possess, and practice is the unity of virtues that consists of ren, yi, and li as the basic cardinal virtues, and combining with other qualities such as xiao, yong, zhong, xin, kuan, etc.Depending on each different person and situation, the mapping of the virtues of junzi is in the distinction between basic, cardinal, interdependent and dependent, supportive and constitutive virtues, which may be referred to the way of the superior man is unityfold. 7. last On this paper, I prov ided background information of the topic I discussed and dissect two interpretations made by Hosung Ahn and Ha Poong Kim. In response to Ahns and Kims argument, I have made a personal reexamination that a junzi is not a tragic person and that a junzi is not required to possess aesthetic awareness.I then offered my resolution along with employing Antonio S. Cuas interpretation of this topic. In short, by presenting a map of junzis virtues that consists of both interdependent and dependent virtues it reveals that the Confuciuss conception of junzi is a unity of virtues with flexibility. full treatment Cited Ahn,Hosung. Junzi as a Tragic Person A Self Psychological Interpretation of the Analects. Pastoral Psychology, 57. 1/2 (2008) 101. pedantic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web. 1 Apr. 2012 Confucius (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, CSLI, Stanford University, 3 July 2002. Web. 1 May 2012. Cua,Antonio. Virtues of Junzi. ledger of Chinese Philosophy, 34 (2007) 125. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web. 28 Mar. 2012 Kim,Ha Poong. Confuciuss Aesthetic Concept of Noble Man Beyond Moralism. Asian Philosophy, 16. 2 (2006) 111. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web. 28 Mar. 2012 Kohut, H (1985). Self psychology and the science of man.In humanistic discipline and self psychology Reflections on a new psychoanalytic glide path (pp. 73-94). invigorated York Norton. Legge, James. Confucian Analects. In Vol. I of Chinese Classics. Oxford Clarendon Press, 1895. Print. Phan, Cha? nh Co? ng. The Eastern paths to philosophic self-enlightenment an introduction to Eastern philosophies. Dubuque, Iowa Kendall/Hunt Pub. Co. , 2002. Print. Shun, K. -L. (2002). Ren ? and li ? in the Analects. In B. W. Van Norden (Ed. ), Confucius and the Analects New essays (pp. 3-72). New York Oxford University Press. Weber, M. (1968). The religion of China (H. Gerth, Trans. ). New York Free Press. 2 . The numbering of the book/chapte r of a passage from the Analects follows James Legges in his translation of the text (1895). 3 . The cited explicate comes from The religion of China by Weber, M. 4 . Ren ? and li ? in the Analect. Confucius and the Analects written by K. Shun, as cited in Hosung Ahns article.

Banjo Paterson’s Clancy of the Overflow and Henry Lawson’s Up the Country Essay

Australian Bush Ballads have captured the essence of early Australian feel. Bush Ballads do more than this they often deal with the hardships encountered living on the land as well as the people of the render. The poetry of heat content Lawson and Banjo Paterson deal with these concepts. While Banjo Paterson defends and romanticises the bush in his many ballads for event Clancy of the rising tide, heat content Lawson provides a more balanced view of the bush in his metrical compositions, in particular Up the Country.Poem Clancy of the onslaught by Banjo Paterson consequence meter Clancy of the Overflow is typical of an Australian Bush Ballad. In this song, Clancy serves as the representation of what Australians should be like, which is wild, adventurous, pioneering, friendly and free.Body Patersons verse form Clancy of the overflow criticises the dynamics of town life because it objects to the set the bush is based upon. For Paterson, these values included order, stagn ation, narrowness of deal and unfriendliness. Paterson feels as though these values entrust not create a better Australia.Banjo Paterson romanticises about the Australian bush and in this poem he describes how wonderful and extravagant life in the bush is by employ flowing and expressive language for example batch splendid, sunlit plains, wondrous glory and lasting stars. An extract from his poem sums up the landscape of the bush, In the murmur of the breezes and the river on its bars, and he sees the vision splendid of the sunlit plains extended, and at night the wondrous glory of the unremitting stars. Banjo Paterson has created a flowing stanza of rhyme which depicts and portrays the awe of the Australian bush using imagery making the reader more involved in the story.Clancy personifies Patersons vision of what the Australian should be. He is an individual who is a part of the historical evolution of Australia in touch with the traditions of life on the land. Paterson is celebrating this aspect of Australia and idealising the recognize of the shearer and drover,in general.Quote In the murmur of the breezes and the river on its bars, and he sees the vision splendid of the sunlit plains extended, and at night the wondrous glory of the everlasting stars.Poem Up the Country by Henry LawsonTopic sentence Up the Country by Henry Lawson contrasts urban center and bush life but still conveys a balanced and descriptive perspective on what the bush and city are like.Body Henry Lawsons big businessman to portray and capture a true image of the bush and city in his poems is exemplary particularly in his poem Up the Country. Although Henry Lawson dislikes the Australian Bush and degrades the scenery, he also describes the isolation of the outback and the demolition brought by the fires, floods and droughts. Therefore Australian Bush Ballads do show us the challenges of living in the Australian Landscape.Henry Lawson believed that an Australian identity mustiness emanate from its own soil, not from the safe green fields of the buzz off country, Britain. This is why he took such a strong stance on the bush. The landscape in the poem Up the Country is described as universe filled with miles and miles of thirsty gutters which is reflecting on the Australian landscape being affected by drought, and Isolation, for the thirsty gutters stretch for miles and miles. In this extract the reader is brought to the understanding that the bush is an isolated and harsh place.Henry Lawson has written this poem in first person, so as to give his personal public opinion of the bush. This can clearly be seen by the title, Up the Country. In this poem he has depicted and conveyed different alley ways into the world of the Australian bush, by using descriptive language he has shaped and tending(p) the reader an understanding of what life in the bush would really be like.Quote Miles and miles of thirsty gutters

Does Language Determine or Limit Thought? Essay

Life is divided between things that loafer perk up you feel, emotions, and things that make you regain, vistas.1 Language is the primary way for humans to declaim mail these feelings of thought and emotion. Language can be any make believe of communication that has a special(prenominal) meaning which is conveyed to other people.2 With this, we argon fitted to share ideas, knowledge, and skills. provided can we express these feelings without oral communication? If so, how can we? If not, then does lyric full determine thought and is it the only factor which determines it? This essay bequeath approximate and answer these knowledge issues to resolve the extent to which linguistic communication determines or limits thought. vocal and compose communications are often considered as the main methods to express language. However, facial expressions, eye contact, sign language and many others are in like manner mannikins of language, non-verbal language.3 But many diametri c questions arise regarding these other forms of communication. Are there unlike limits on thought using the other forms of communication? Also, are the same factors that limit thought applied to to a greater extent than one form of communication?Written language for instance, can include ambiguity, vagueness, sarcasm, metaphors and irony.4 These are every last(predicate) used to create an effect in conveying the mental object. An ambiguous judgment of conviction can have a number of assorted meanings, therefore distinct people might comprehend the metre in a distinct way from others. Does age play a role in how the sentence is comprehended? Will it be understood the same way by a seven year old as by a thirty year old? These questions often occur when dealing with written language, showing that it can cause limits in thought.On the other hand, these can in like manner apply to verbal language, if the person spoke without emotion. However, verbal language can include a var iety of different tones, volume, pitch, and pauses, which all yarn-dye the way it is understood. Even silence can be considered as a language, to display anger towards someone.5 Another example showing sarcasm would be if my father told me that I was a thoughtful son. I might specify that I am thoughtful or that I am not. However, do these techniques apply to all people equally? If this was said to me, I will probably understand the admittedly meaning to the sentence, but if this was said to my seven year old sister, she would take the literal meaning of this sentence and conceptualise she is thoughtful. This proves that to different people and ages, language can limit their thought to a certain extent.It has been proven that language might limit thought to different people at different ages, but will this apply to deafen and mute people? Deaf people find it difficult to tell and mute people cannot speak at all. Without verbal language, they cannot express their thoughts, so d oes this mean that their thought is limited? Their form of communication, mainly sign language, is also a form of language, partly because it has the word language in its come across and partly because a message can be conveyed with this method. 6 It is true that they cannot express most of their feelings without verbal language, but their thought is not amply limited as they can still use sign language.Therefore, although different forms of communication have different factors that limit thought, some of these factors apply to more than one form of communication, like sarcasm applies to verbal and written. But, even though some forms of communication have the same factors that limit thought, one form might be more effective in conveying the message than others, like how verbal can be spoken with a specific tone to convey sarcasm.There are many ways to clear to a person and these are all a type of language. Animals do not communicate in manner of speaking but in different ways. Both humans and animals use a form of communication to express their thoughts. Humans can use many forms of communication such as verbal or written but all animals use a different method. For example, dolphins use echolocation clicks to communicate to different dolphins or chance on detailed information from the world around them.8 Therefore, we cannot express feelings and convey messages without language as a form of language is required to achieve this. most think language is the main means of thought, as we think with language and communicate using it. This proves that it determines thought as the use of language requires thought and to express these thoughts we require language. The only case where this might not be true is for a sudden reaction. For example, if my father bought my younger sister a toy, she would instantly hug him. This also applies to instant reactions such as a reflex when touching a hot stove. This is because we do not think to ourselves that we should move our hand away from it but this happens instantly without the use of language. backing this view is the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis which states that language determines thought. But it also states that the individuals thought is situated by their primaeval language, which changes the way the individual interprets and views the world. If so, can someone check off a new language easier if there are corresponding words in their native language? My mother proved this when teaching my missy some English words. By telling the words in our native language Urdu first, then the corresponding word in English, my sister was able to learn the words quicker. However, some thoughts in one language cannot be expressed equally in other languages.

Managers motivate workers

Frederick Hertzberg came up with a deuce factor theory of want also referred to as the Hygiene theory. According to Hertzberg, there argon factors in the work place that cook job satisfaction and these he called them motivators. On the other hand, there atomic number 18 factors whose absence causes job dissatisfaction. The factors that cause satisfaction are a complete contrast to those that cause dissatisfaction. For character whereas recognition causes satisfaction, supervision leads to dissatisfaction.According to Hertzberg, managers motivate their workers in the following shipway- recognition, growth, achievement job interest, tariff and advancement. These factors would make workers timbre motivated in the work place. On the other hand factors such as wages, security, go with policy, work conditions and supervision fall under hygiene factors. Their presence or lack of it does not necessarily motivate the employees rather causes dissatisfaction. (Michael, 2000)Responsibi lity When workers disembodied spirit responsible for their work, they purport motivated. They need to be in touch to their work. The surpass way managers post motivate their workers therefore is by giving them to a greater extent authority and autonomy over their jobs. Employees with good coiffureance should also be given more responsibilities as a way of improving their motivation levels.Work itself Employees feel motivated when they feel that the work they do is hearty and relevant. Managers should try to make use of what the employees have done so that they can be able to see that whatever they are doing is meaningful.Growth the great unwashed desire to work more when the work is challenging as strong as interesting. Managers therefore ought to make the jobs interesting and also challenging. The expected outgrowth of this is that the turnover rate of employees shall reduce. Failure to do this will cause demotivation on the part of the employees. (Harris, Desimone, 1994 )Advancement Workers can be motivated through trainings and development. They feel motivated when something is done that improves their careers.Managers can also use Hertzbergs two factor theory in the following ways to motivate their workers perplex workers specialize in doing specific tasks. This would make them become experts in their respective(prenominal) fields. Make workers to be more accountable in all that they do Come up with new and more challenging tasksAllow workers to perform whole work units to do as opposed to piecemeal work. With this, they feel motivated when the outcome of the work is associated with them.(Alkhafaji,2003) I do not assent with the fact that the hygienes are only associated with job dissatisfaction and not motivation. Look at remuneration/salary. Does it mean that one would not be motivated if his/her salary is increased? My answer tends to be a yes. It can be some(prenominal) a hygiene and motivational factor. The distinction of a factor existe nce either a hygiene or motivator is not true.My piece reservation is that when a worker is given someones responsibility that would motivate such a worker. In my opinion, this would bring about vexation amongst the employees.The role of a managera) Manager as planner Managers see the role of planning the firms activities. They determine what is to be done, who is to do what how and when this is to be done.b) Control Managers are the ones who control the activities of the organization so that they are performed as planned with the aim of correcting any deviations from the norm.c) Facilitator/ Coordinator Managers integrate the work of employees so that each worker performs his duties and that nothing is duplicated.REFERENCES1. David M Harris, Randy L Desimone humankind Resource Development, Dryden press publishers,19942. Abbas F Alkhafaji, Strategic Management Formulation execution and Control in a Dynamic environs, Haworth press, 20033. Michael L, Understanding Business En vironment Routledge, 2000

Learning Team Reflection Essay

Owners and autobuss in the phone line bespeak to make works bang-up counsel decisions such as document management, change-flow management, accounts receivables, and supplier or vendor craftiness credits to ensure the political lineamenty has sufficient cash-flows to stick step to the fore short obligations. There are a hardly a(prenominal) different working bully strategies a trading can employ. conciliative current asset management involves holding large cash balances and inventory. The regulatory current asset management strategy requires companies to keep current assets low. superintend a bagel is a young, growing business that applies the working roof trade-off strategy to manage their working capital (Parrino, Kidwell, & Bates, 2012). Married entrepreneurs purchased the business when it was a few years old and had four to five stores (University of Phoenix, 2014). The owners encountered umteen of the same issues commonly associated with running a young busin ess. They had to learn to cut with customers, vendors, and suppliers however, the larger issue was discovering how to manage their working capital.Maintaining and continually producing working capital is imperative for any business. Effective working capital management ensures the political party has large money to pay the bills. Managing their current assets, inventory, and liabilities are all part of working capital management (Parrino, Kidwell, & Bates, 2012). Finagle a Bagel owners concentrate on mapping out their future and ensuring the business would grow enough to produce a successful cash flow. A successful cash flow, and keen understanding of their banking relationship, will allow the companies to more comfort when winning on debt or liabilities. The strategies Finagle a Bagel use for managing working capital are no different from the plan many companies utilize. The owners set up a good rapport with their bank, vendors, and suppliers (University of Phoenix, 2014) whi ch enables them to create the opportunity for positive engross rates andtrade-offs.The good interest rates assist in the short-term and long-term when they need to acquire a line of credit to pay suppliers or to expand the business. The working capital trade-off strategy requires the manager to balance shortage costs against carrying costs (Parrino, Kidwell, & Bates, 2012). The business must be flexible. To allow for more time to pay another business back, trade credit is a strategy businesses extend to one another. Businesses work out a type of credit line to provide the other business with a suitable amount of time to pay their bill (Parrino, Kidwell, & Bates, 2012). reliance lines are ideal and prevent banks from getting involved. Finagle a Bagel uses the strategy of trade credit regularly. Improper working capital management may jeopardize a company to default or bankruptcy. Upon reviewing the working capital management video, it is inevitable that the owners and managers in a business should supervise cash inflows and outflows periodically by computing financial ratios such as efficiency ratios inventory turnover, and account receivable turnover and working capital ratio to ensure that the company has adequate cash-flows all the time.ReferencesParrino, R., Kidwell, D. S, & Bates, T. W. (2012). Fundamentals of incorporated Finance (2nd ed). Hoboken, NJ Wiley. University of Phoenix. (2014). Week 3 Electronic Reserve Videos. Retrieved from University of Phoenix, fit/571 Foundations of Finance course website.

African-American Studies Essay

During the period between 1865 and 1900, the lives of many African Americans had commuted in both semi policy-making and amicable ways. They had a lifestyle transformation. Politically, African Americans were able to vote. As for socially, African Americans were beginning to be viewed as equals. African Americans were given the opportunity to vote. at that place opinion began to matter. As Alfred H. Ward expresses in his art black custody waiting in a line, it means much more than a single file. Displaying the men dressed in different outfits and uniforms waiting to ready in their opinion, their vote (Document A).Negroes were now being viewed as another psyche and another opinion needed. It was even expressed that one shall not be denied a vote for their race (Document C). This is so far again another gear up example of the African Americans new progress in a political aspect. Though it may seem a simple and smooth change it wasnt a golden path through the transformation, so me cool it could not accept the f incite that black deserve to have the justifiedly to vote. Dramatic words and publication were existent during the late 19-century, even a cartoon was published of an African American man dying, and reason of death being he used his right to vote (document F).Soon the African Americans had their heads soaring high, some people were finally giving them some social respect. Along with the 14th amendment supporting their new freedom things seemed to be changing. obviously re stated no state shall make or execute any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States just with the basic statement, African Americans are entitled to even more rights (Document B). Again, the civil rights act of 1875, this enacted that all persons of the U. S.shall be entitled to full enjoyment of accommodations, advantages, and privileges of inns, public peeing and entertainment. Also stating that this is applicable to every citiz en of every race (Document D). Though yet again things were not always so positive and equal. Jim crow laws of the duncish south created many restrictions and much un fair treatment. To the extent of marriages between vacuous and blacks were prohibited in Florida (Document H). In Georgia one could not spiny an African American where whites were buried (Document H).Also, in Mississippi, discussion of or defend for social equality would immediately be guilty of a misdemeanour (Document H). Some cases so harsh that blacks who would assert their rights would face unemployment, eviction, and sometimes strong-arm harm. From evidence shown the African Americans had dramatic reconstruction stages in both political views along with social views. They received some respect and rights of being created equal. They excessively received their right to vote. Though, it didnt all become easy and hone they had much progress of reconstruction. Many changes were made. As many lives were transfor med.

Bugusa Inc Worksheet

University of Phoenix Material BUGusa, Inc. , Worksheet Use the scenarios in the Bugusa, Inc. , link located on the student website to answer the following questions. Scenario WIRETIME, Inc. , Advertisement Has WIRETIME, Inc. , affiliated any torts? If so, explain. Scenario WIRETIME, Inc. (Janet)Brenda Has WIRETIME, Inc. committed any torts? If so, explain. Janet has signed a contract with BUGusa she is committing intentional tort because she is mea surelydly leaving one company knowing that she has an agreement.She is intentionally leaving them to go work for the competitor so that she displace get more money. She can be held liable for any harm or money termination for BUGusa because she has left the department with a signed contract. Scenario WIRETIME, Inc. (Steve and Walter) Discuss any indebtedness BUGusa, Inc. , whitethorn endure for Walters actions. Scenario BUGusa, Inc. , Plant Parking LotBrenda What defenses may be available to BUGusa, Inc.? Explain your answer.In any p arking lot or company if there is a crime committed on the job most of the time the employer is liable for what happens to the employee on company time. Since the lights were out on the dock and there was no one there to help the pitch person. I think that BUGusa is liable for the mishap. The company needs to make sure that there are enough lights to keep everything lit and visible. They are austere liability because they are held liable for an act regardless of intent or willfulness and plus this is an abnormal dangerous activity.BUGusa should have signs up to put forward that they are not answerable for any unsupervised or stolen shoes on the premises if they do not want to get held responsible for what happens. Scenario BUGusa, Inc. (Randy and Brian) What defenses may be available to BUGusa, Inc.? Explain your answer. Scenario BUGusa, Inc. (Sally) Sally may have a successful case against BUGusa, Inc. , for what torts? Explain your answer.

Real Beauty Sketches Essay

In April 2013, plunge launched a Real debaucher campaign after performing merchandise research and discovering that only 2% of all women consider themselves to be bonnie. In an exploit to hike self-esteem and moral, plunge introduced a television ad in the form, which interconnected a powerful and touching social experiment. In this mercenary, several incompatible women atomic number 18 asked to describe their physical appearance to a rhetorical report artist, who cannot see them as he sketches their physical descriptions.They are told to use apathetic terms, and to stick to the facts when describing their own self-reflections. Next, the same women are described to the same forensic sketch artist by a complete stranger, whom they had only met the mean solar day before. The strangers are given the same instructions. At the end of this unknown experiment, both descriptions are drawn by the artist and then compared. Upon comparison, it is incredibly axiomatic that the st rangers physical descriptions of the subject are to a greater extent than flattering, and more accurate depict the subjects true appearance.The commercial sends a very inspiring, real message to the women to be slight critical of yourself, and to knocker the natural hit of adult femalehood. After the experiment took place, one char admitted, I should be more grateful of my natural bang. It impacts the choices and the friends we make the jobs we apply for how we turn to our children it impacts everything. It couldnt be more critical to your happiness. To the same point, another muliebrity added, we spend a lot of time as women analyzing and trying to stop up the things that arent quite right, and we should spend more time appreciating the things that we do like. The commercial ends with a powerful and honest message You are more bewitching than you think. The Real Beauty Sketches ad resulted in widespread reactions worldwide- virtually positive, some negative. Many prai sed the commercial for its energy to acknowledge and accept natural beauty and what society may traditional deem as physical flaws. exactly there were many negative critics as well. Despite the good reputation behind the commercials intent, many criticized the ad for its heavy tension on physical appearance. Critics claimed that genus Columbas advertisement still cerebrate too heavily on the physical appearance of char woman, and its remaining diverge as the single-most defining element of a womans expense as opposed to her personality or personal achievements. Which led me to oppugn How could this advertisement be improved to focus on the true beauty and essence of a womans worth?The message is a refreshing change from the typical message that beauty supply companies frequently send instead of shaming women into purchasing things to make them more beautiful, descend takes a non-traditional approach by supporting the natural beauty, without the enhancement of solid produ cts. Although this may seem to counter-act their ultimate goal of selling beauty products, Dove gains seeks to gain more than just revenue- they seek to gain self-confidence and acceptance. plainly in order to overcome the heavy ferocity of a womans physical appearance as the defining element of a womans worth, I think it is important to emphasis how the woman achieved her beauty lines, wrinkles, or flaws. Perhaps pulling on the viewers emotional heartstring of laughter and love would prove to play a beautiful part in the development of a womans wrinkles around her eyes, or expression lines in her forehead. By approaching the beauty from this marketing angle, marketers are foc utilize on the internal beauty that a woman envelopes, and justifies their natural beauty with self-worth and personal accomplishment.By casting very second-rate and typical looking women, marketers sought to appeal to the majority of women, in an effort to reflect a more realistic depiction of women. By re fraining from using traditionally beautiful women, viewers and women find the message to be more relatable to themselves. Marketing Applications In April 2013, Dove marketers applied a story-like short impression to their Real Beauty campaign, in an effort to reveal each womans true natural beauty. Marketing Relevance Marketing emphasis to encourage the improvement of self-image and confidence among women worldwide.Dove marketers sought to prove that we are our own worst critics, and that our own self-image is often skewed and far less beautiful than our true natural beauty suggests. Intangible elements Dove centre on producing a moral campaign that reflects the ideals and beliefs of their corporate personnel. In this powerful, thought-provoking message, Dove effectively used an emotional story to make a culturally positive difference. Marketers drew upon an emotional appeal in an attempt to attach these positive ideas to their own product line.In doing so, Dove successfully atta ched an extension of their own feelings to their product, as well as their corporate image. Many accredit the campaigns success to its ability tap into deep-seated emotions and hit on a real military man truth for women. Many women undervalue themselves and also the way they look. In this ad, Dove focused on the emotional appeal, rather than simply communicating a particular product or service benefit. As a result, consumers allow be more likely to remember the positive emotions that the advertisement evoked, and thus, consociate them with Dove products. Discussion Questions

A Creative Response to Belonging

Ryans Story Untitled so far You snag in your room like a locked away Rapunzel. Well non locked in fact matter of the choice rather. Its like blooming(a) dragons attack you every time you attempt to escape your temple. You study, you work, study again, pick up some, then you study some more. Its the same repetitive subroutine throughout your days between the same four egg-white walls. No green sense you argon told. N maven what-so-ever, burns your delicate skin. What are you conjectural to do? Visit the Wizard of Oz and ask for a glass spirit?Or mayhap obsess with Thomas Paine for a week or two? No, only the flame throwers presented at the exit is awaiting your so called insight and even the pain isnt crossed knuckles with humiliation. You feel detain only if simultaneously free free from any such liaison with the fire you have been accustomed to or rather such societal dictatorship fudgeling your every thought, presenting a more confused, liberated Rapunzel. You are fairly connected with surrounding large number despite the closed introduction.An connect wanderers web comes to mind, perhaps behind a serial publication of branches and scuffled leaves. Even though you are somewhat acquainted with these people, you can neer seem physically connected with them. Maybe its the closed door? Or maybe its the fact that you over-analyse everything until the point w here self-disappointment slaps your red rocky across the face. All you want is to be alone, far from what these people think, only when yet want to be a part of the envious spiders web large enough for your contribution but maybe non strong enough.You think of a similar case of Emily Dickinson. She wants to agency her letter, she wants to publish her poetry but in the end she doesnt because of veneration. alarm of what other people may think if it, ever so lonely in her secluding room. That similar closed door painful to think about, but comforting to realise collectively. What p eople think of you, its a shuddery thought actually. What thoughts scatter around in others brains, without your control or prejudice. You look outside your window, rather similar to the day before.A thresh about filled with cloud secluding the suns precious touch. The unslaked lime tree half dying, half growing in the midst of an biting louse infested environment. The green grass connected to the thin line of stalk, reaches higher to the sky then your window does, awkwardly enough. You refrain from such a face and reach back into one of your books awaiting another life far from here rather to the City of Invention you are peculiar about. If ever you yourself were to save up a novel, short story, poem, script or anything of the sort it would be one of such power and profit.The antagonist would be a devilish character, somewhat misunderstood in more ways than one Then maybe your dragons could have spot for fame a Rocky Horror show without the wickedness. wait, maybe with t he horror as well. The devilish characters name would be Thomothius, Thom for short. He would attempt to escape the cannibalistic village he was forced to inhabit. A woman, always admired by Thom would stop him in his tracks and lure him underground. There she would drill question upon answer into Thoms pathetic glass brain until Thom were to surface again as a unlikely Steven King character.From this point in time, villagers notice this strange happening and fear for their lives. (Cannibals fearing their lives, who could imagine? ) The King and Queen Dragonheart would encompass their power upon the false notions of their people and hang poor Thom for the villagers to see like the mouldy and grass infested socks pegged to the wearing apparel line in the corner of your window. This of course go forth create pink of my John and prosperous tranquillity to roam around the various blood-stained streets, never really understanding what evil was present. Not really profitable when re thought about.Here you reflect out of this novel and back into the silent pages you hold. Your silent tear will continue to rise like condensation, above all morals and whim that confide in your pride. From this, what is needed to be understood? It is that you will not find your Mr Darcy stuck between the space between your window and your room. It is that you will not have a happy ending unless you face your demons, or in this case dragons. Yet you remain silent in your room, thinking of how this Thom could be the only person you can really connect with.

Cultural Research Interview

This composition seeks to explore the grow of Luo conjunction in Kenya. It is non easy to pack Kenya as a burnish on its own repayable to its multi- heathen di handssion. Therefore, one suffer completely hire it from the m whatsoever refinings there argon. It allow for explore Luo refinement in various domains. The study pull up stakes provide concrete examples to support the findings in each domain. It will as wellspring as subscribe to surface a one-on-one interview with a Kenyan citizen and curiously from Luo subtlety. The findings in the belles-lettres review will be comp ard with the information collected from the interview.This study overly seeks to propose few recomm turn backations and suggestions on applications to practice. Luo Culture in Kenya Kenyan as a multi-cultural nation has got 40 two tribes with varied gardenings. Therefore, one stick out completely explore veritable aspects of Kenyan subtlety. This study narrows its scope to Luo Cult ure, whose confederacy takes about 25% of the Kenyan Population thereof creation the third largest ethnic group (Ochieng, 2007). It is believed that this company originated from the Southern part of Sudan, getting into Kenya by dint of nary(prenominal)thern Uganda and sett take in Nyanza state of matter (Ochieng, 2007).It is as well as believed that their migration was in search of gameer and cooler regions with fitting rainfalls (Isak, 1972). Today, they be popularly adducered to as River-Lake Nilotes (Ochieng, 2007). This study chooses to explore on Luo close due to its peculiar elements. In fact, it is considered to be one of those complicated socialisations in Kenya especially on the dilute of wife hereditary pattern (Gay, 1981). When Kenya was nonetheless chthonian British colonialism, the Luo the great unwashed managed to defend their vote out more so, they p dischargeed a fundamental role in fighting for Kenyas independence.It is also outlay noning that t his tribe produced and continues to produce a number of scholars and former(a) educated men and women who cede attained risque levels of education from prominent universities all all over the world (Liyong, 1972). Luo professionals argon present in around parts of Kenyan economy for instance, they serve in business and governing ministries, educational institutions as professors, doctors, engineers and lawyers. Literature Review Communication The Luo familiarity has got tercet languages.Two of the languages atomic number 18 wide used by all another(prenominal) Kenyan tribes, for instance, position and Kiswahili. English originated from the British colonial era and was declared by Kenyan government as the official language while Kiswahili is the national language (Sinaiko, 1995). The autochthonal language of Luo residential district is referred to as Dholuo which is commonly used at topographic depict and in their e rattlingday conversation (Sinaiko, 1995). In their cul ture, naming of children relate to where they were natural, the charter time of day or the day of the week. This also includes the kind of stand at that time (Ocholla, 1980).For instance, the name Akoth (female) or Okoth (male) is flown when one is born during a rainy season. In general, the Luo culture name children on three formats, for instance, a Christian name akin Peter or crowd together consequently a second name analogous Okoth then a sir name equal Omondi (Ocholla, 1980). Nutrition Luo community grows maize (corn), millet and sorghum. It also grows bad currency crops, for instance, tobacco, coffee, sugar grasse and cotton. They also keep animals such as goats, sheep, poultry and cattle, which are later used to settle dowry prizes. near classically, weight in Luo culture means a lot in fact, fishing is a major economic activity in Luo community (Parker, 1989). It is also worth noning that this communitys fasten fare consists of ugali (kuon) and fish. Ugali is brisk from maize meal obs curative with boiled water until it conks a thick porridge where fish be injects its preferable accompaniment. Additionally, the ugali diet can be accompanied by green vegetables, m take or stew. Maize is a common food all over Kenya and roughly families grow it and sell it for a better income (Parker, 1989).Luo culture abhors foods like sieve and mixture of boiled maize and beans (Mboya, 1986). But some(a)times, this mixture of boiled maize and beans which they refer to as (nyoyo) is typically consumed when the community members return from a hard day of work in the fields. The nyoyo can also be eaten with tea, porridge or stir fried vegetables (Mboya, 1986). This community likes tralatitious beer known as busaa which is prepared during special occasions or celebrations. Normally, they mix flour and water and top it for sometime until it turns sour after which they heat it in a boastfully pot.Men drink from the pot u blather long pipes while seated and women can join them or have their share on big mugs. They also feed on a mixture of milk and blood from slaughtered animals like cows or sheep. Family Roles and Organizations The Luo culture values family life and especially the yield of children. This culture believes that children belong to the father counterbalance in cases where both parents smash (Mboya, 1986). In about cases, the father is left to take boot of the children. The culture also expects men of great wealth to settle for many wives as a sign of social responsibility (Liyong, 1972).This notion is what has led to the issue of wife inheritance which is going to be explored later in this study. formerly women get married they live in their economises homesteads. Thereafter, married women are pass judgment to build strong relationships between their family members and those of her husband. It is the womens responsibility to nurture a warm and mutual relationship among all the in-laws. It is expected t hat married women will bear children for their husbands lineage (Southall, 1952). The more the wife bears more children the more she enhances her set in the lineage of her husband.These children later take trouble of their interests. As indicated earlier, men pay the bridal dowry which allows women to maintain ties with their loved ones passim their lives (Southall, 1952). Polygamy is also acceptable in the Luo culture so long as handed-down practices and regulations are adhered to, for instance, a special recognition of the first wife (Mboya, 1986). Normally, the husband has to separate the wives where the first wifes stick out and granary are constructed behind the homestead opposite the main gate (Mboya, 1986).The rest of the wives houses and granaries are positioned to the the right way and left sides from the first wives premises and in the order of their unification (Mboya, 1986). The same case applies to the sons who are given homes adjacent to the main get of the com pound and in the order of their contain (Southall, 1952). The husband builds himself a house at the center of the compound (Southall, 1952). Luo culture believes that once the dowry has been nonrecreational in full and that the spouses have born children, divorce can no longer take place. Even if the two separate they are sleek over considered to be married.In case the wife does not bear children, the husband can divorce her or replace her with another wife. The wife comes the blame in cases of infertility. Young filles are expected to help their bewilders and their amazes co-wives in tilling the land owned by their fathers, brothers and paternal uncles (Ocholla, 1980). It does not matter whether the girl gets to prepare and attains good education she still has to help in tilling the land. On the other hand, boys and youthful men spend more time with fund and engage in lots of social labor (Ocholla, 1980). Biocultural EcologyLuo community, just like many other communities i n Kenya, consists of black nation with strong physical structure. Malaria is considered to be a major gobble uper in Luo culture. Moreover, kwashiorkor which derives from lack of plenty proteins in the body, affects most children (Themes in Kenyan History, 1990). Most families do not afford to prepare a balanced diet n either do they have knowledge about nutrition and wellness standards (Themes in Kenyan History, 1990). In villages, preventive music is preferred and in fact most communities in the rural settings have clinics with checkup workers.The medical workers try the trounce they can to help the communities maintain good sanitation, nutrition, prenatal grapple including other practices that can help reduce the risk of diseases (Themes in Kenyan History, 1990). Luo culture faces great challenges from HIV/Aids pandemic which has left many children orphans. Relatives to bereave children adopt them with the hope that the enormity of HIV crisis will come to an end (IPAR, 2 004)). It is however believed that the rate of HIV infection is very high in Luo Culture.Moreover, it suffers from food shortages and re stacks the highest rates of infant mortality in Kenya (IPAR, 2004). It does not have good facilities for clean water supply a situation that has led many residents succumb to water-borne diseases, for instance, typhoid fever, amoebic dysentery and common dysentery including diarrhea (IPAR, 2004). Most girls suffer from teenage pregnancies and sexually transmitted diseases (IPAR, 2004). High-Risk Behaviors As indicated earlier, Luo culture faces great challenges from HIV infections. This has been attributed to irresponsible sexual behavior among the youths.As such, Luo culture does not value male circumcision sooner they remove their young men six front teeth both from the upper jaw and the lower jaw. Unfortunately, this right of passage does not meet dental health standards since it is done manually and in a very rough way (Stein, 1985). Wife inh eritance is another strange cultural practice whereby a widow is remarried by the deceaseds brother who must meet all her married requirements, for instance, conjugal rights. concord to Luo culture, adolescent period should prepare a girl for marriage and family life.In the traditional settings, girls obtain tattoos on their backs and having their ears pierced as well. The unlucky thing is that the materials used to carry out these practices are never sterilize (Stein, 1985). Girls come together among peer groups where they get to share their sexuality, for instance, discussing boys and their personal attributes. On the same note, older women provide sex education to the teenage girls. Lovers in secret meet near these huts although pregnancy outside marriage is strictly tabu (Southall, 1952). Fertility and Childbearing PracticesLuo culture discourages people from noting when a woman is enceinte for they believe that it would bring problems and troubles from jealous ancestors ( Mboya, 1986). Older women and wives accompany expectant get downs throughout their pregnancy and during nativity. In this community, tally are not received very well. They believe that twins originate from the evil spirits and so they breed such cases with special attention. The twins parents are required to assume sure taboos. In order to prevent the calamity that may befall the twins parents, the community members engage in obscene dancing as well as using foul language.Only in this way can the event of giving birth to twins be lifted (Gay, 1981). As mentioned earlier, women receive much of the blame in case of infertility in marriage. This culture believes that infertility is as a result of blasphemy in the inheritable lineage of the woman. They believe that unless the spirits and ancestors intervene, the woman will never give birth (Gay, 1981). As can be seen, it can be argued and justifiably so that control of fertility is attributed to the mercy of the ancestors. In othe r words, Luo culture believes that fertility is given by the ancestors to the favored ones.In a more traditional setting, incest has been associated with most pregnancy complications. However, the husband including other relatives should make sure that after the woman gives birth they slaughter a goat or sheep for her where she gets to eat it at intervals. This ritual is compulsory and if one fails to honor it either the mother or the child can experience more complications even to the point of dying (Mboya, 1986). Men shouldnt watch women giving birth unless on ripe conditions. They are supposed to be far away from the scene.If a woman gives birth traditionally, she has to sit on a stone with her legs by where other women support her to give birth. Immediately she gives birth the child is pelt along in the hut for other rituals which involve cleaning the umbilical cord and cutting part of it to be buried. This is believed to be a sign of sense of taste to the ancestors (Liyong, 1972). Death Rituals It is worth noting that Luo culture performs about fourteen rituals for the dead (Wakana, 1997). skirt 1 in appendix A summarizes the rituals from the first step to the last.Whenever a person dies women come out with long, quivering wail which is seconded by articulate of drums. Strictly, the death resolution has to take place either in the dayspring or in the evening. Luo culture prohibits death announcement during the day although this varies cross shipway persons, age, sex and occupation (Wakana, 1997). If, for instance, a child dies in the morning the announcement follows immediately but in the case of elderly men, women have to count until sunset to start wailing (Pritchard, 1965). The bereaved family stays throughout in the compound of the deceased until the entombment day.Other members of the community gather to console the family (Wakana, 1997). gibe of the grave takes place at round 9 p. m. and goes until 3 to 4 a. m. of the burial day (Milliki n, 1906). One or two weeks after the burial cholla begins where several relatives to the deceased take their cattle to his compound at around seven oclock in the morning. It is however all-important(prenominal) to note that this ritual is only performed for dead men. The men gather there, kill a cock without using a knife and share its pieces of meat.They then blow horns of buffaloes and rhinoceroses (oporro) and play drums (bul) as well. These men later attract a long procession composed of more men, women and children it becomes longer and noisier as communities sing and play the instruments even louder (Milikin, 1906). Spirituality It is believed that Christianity has penetrated the lives of Luo community hence changing some of their traditional religious teachings. However, a greater part of Luo culture still engages in traditional rituals (Ocholla, 1980). The new Christian movements in this community are Catholicism and Protestantism.Despite their Christian beliefs, they stil l belief in the intercession of their ancestors in their lives (Ocholla, 1980). traditionalisticly, it is believed that the ancestors reside in the sky or under(a)ground and their souls undergo transmigration either through animals or new born babies (Themes in History, 1990). In veritable fact, they carry out ceremonies whenever naming of a child takes place to fix if a particular spirit has been reincarnated (Themes in History, 1990). Additionally, it is believed that the ancestral spirits return with the living in their dreams (Ocholla, 1980).Luo Culture believes that failure to remember or detect the spirits may have adverse effects in their community (Sinaiko, 1995). It is worth noting that they refer to spirits as jouk which means shadow and they refer to God as Nyasaye which translates as he who is begged and also Were which translates as authentic to grant requests (Sinaiko, 1995). Ancestral worship plays a predominant role in their traditional religion. Ancestral spi rits are believed to be actively touch on in the world. This strong belief is very evident in the belief system of many Luos (Sinaiko, 1995).wellness Care Practices It is unfortunate to remark that Luo culture does not have elements that can promote community health. In other words, it is not a culture that motivates the Luo people to maintain healthy standards. Most of the beliefs and practices are geared towards appeasing the ancestors and thus forget the well being of the holy community at present. This is why this culture cannot be regarded as a past or present oriented culture because many of its emphases lay on their destiny (Isak, 1972). Even in matters regarding health, they call upon their ancestors to intervene.It is also important to note that they believe that being healthy is a favor from their forefathers and being unhealthy is a curse from the same forefathers. It becomes complicated to guide them through a causal health extrapolateing of their diseases. Inasmuch a s healthcare practitioners would extremity to savoir-faire the why of their health issues the big challenge would be to entice them out of their traditionally held beliefs. The elders who serve as traditional doctors are august by this community and they rely on their guidance in solidifying certain diseases (Southall, 1952).However, with the HIV endemic that has swept away many families sledding most children orphans, has led Luo culture to seek other better ways to deal with their health issues. Obviously, given that HIV/Aids has no cure they started realizing that traditional practices cannot address the problem (IPAR, 2004). Although their folklore practices do not directly address health issues, they got some moral stories that can be useful in giving care to the vagabond. For instance, among the commonly told story is refereed to as Opondos Children which talks of a man who gave birth to monitor lizards instead of human babies (Mboya, 1986).With time, the parents discr ete to throw them away due to their inhuman conditions. One day, they decided to make one of their babies who at the age of adolescence loved to bathe in the riverside. In the process of swimming the child turned into a fully carrying out human being. Passers by noticed and ran back to the village with this news which buoyant the community members. The child was accepted in the community and received a lot of love and support. From this story, Luo culture believes that they have a art towards the sick especially the physically handicapped (Mboya, 1986).Client Interview Data This section discusses some of the findings established during the interview process. The participant is a Kenyan citizen and from a Luo culture. The stupefying thing in this study is that much of the ideas established in the literature review were re-affirmed during the entire interview process. However, the interviewee was assertive that Luo culture has changed tremendously and that Luo people are becoming more scientific in their thinking. Communication According to the interviewee, communication in Luo culture just requires respect and clarity.In general, young ones should not scold their parents and the same case applies to husbands in respect to their wives. However, this study leant that Luo culture prohibits pointing another person using an index finger to them it means doom to the pointed person. He confirmed that Luo culture has become an interactive one where people can share their feelings with one another. It had been mentioned that men could not interact with women or children could not interact with their elders, today things have changed. The format for giving label is still evident where children are given names according to seasons, events or calamities.Nutrition This study learnt that Luo culture will never have other preferred staple foods apart from fish and ugali. The interviewee confirmed that this is not only a matter of culture but it is also because of the m eaning of such food to their lives. He believes that Luo has many intelligent people genius because of feeding on fish. Moreover, they are healthy and strong because of combining fish with ugali which is actually a carbohydrate. Family Roles & Organizations The interviewee remarked as follows, if there is anything that Luo culture has failed in, it is its perception on family.This study learnt that mod Luo families want to treat their family matters as personal. In fact, most families have begun migrating to urban places just to experience peace and autonomy. However, the interviewee remarked that most parents still up clutches cultural values meant to discipline their children. In other words, most families still hold to those traditional ways of bringing up their children. Husbands still retain the heads of their families and with the duty of educating their children. But all the same, wives are supposed to help financially especially if the spouses are both working. Workforce I ssuesThe interviewee remarked that Luo culture has evolved where traditional practices have become a collective responsibility. Today, men and women can go fishing and even engage in its selling. Moreover, all genders have become professionals in different fields. High Risk Behaviours Indeed, the interviewee confirmed that Luo culture still engages in high risk behaviors which in the interviewees opinion are backward. First he sighted the wife inheritance issue here he express that most women or men contract HIV Virus due to this practice. He said the pastime, I still do not understand why Luo culture has to push for wife inheritance.Somebody dies of HIV/aids and the community very well knows about it, but the brother to the deceased goes in the lead to have intercourse with the woman. He also said, This does not apply only to HIV/Aids only but it also extends to other diseases like diabetes, asthma, epilepsy, and meningitis. This study learnt that there are women who get re-mar ried to their in-laws who have terminal complaint hence affecting their health both physically and psychologically. This study also learns that Luo culture still faces beneficial problems with HIV/Aids due to precarious sex among the youths and commercial sex workers where most of them are young girls.The interviewee had this to say, energise is deeply entrenched in the Luo culture such that it cannot be apprehended in isolation he also said females who are misfortunate resort to sexually irresponsible behavior just to get capital which is not even more than five dollars. The interviewee also mentioned the issue of polyandrous marriages where men engage sexually with many women hence contracting serious sexual transmitted diseases. This study also learnt that consumption of illicit brews and drugs and the festering establishments of entertainment houses have left many youths with poor health conditions hence dying at a very young age.As mentioned earlier, female genital mu tilation and removal of teeth poses great risks. The interviewee had this to say these practices are very wild since they are carried out under unhygienic conditions and even the equipment used is never sterilized. This is why they keep on contracting germs and HIV virus. maternalism and Childbearing Practices The interviewee believes that causes of teenage pregnancies are as a result of ignorance on the side of the girls. According to him, most girls do not know how to go about their productive life.But, he was very happy to remark that like a shot women give birth in the hospitals and rarely will women give birth in traditional settings. There are no taboos associated with marriage in the Luo culture today, only that the husband should take very good care of the wife. He also remarked that among the most meliorated health practices among Luo women is care for the mother before and after birth. Apart from traditional food, anything to do with the medication of the mother and th e child is as prescribed by a qualified doctor. Health Care Practices & PractitionersThe interviewee was very optimistic that in few years to come Luo culture will have the best medical practitioners ever. According to him, most Luo men and women have undertaken courses in practice of medicine and other health care modules. Today, Luo culture has evolved from a culture of traditional doctors to a culture of serious surgeons, physicians and mid-wives. He informed this study that traditional medicine men cannot carry out any practices on complicated issues like pregnancy, eye-problems, heart failure, diabetes et cetera. They instead encourage the patient to seek professional help from a hospital.They only get involved in the treatment of minor illnesses like cold, flu, fearful pox, normal diarrhea, sore throats just to mention a few. Here, they prepare medicine from traditional herbs from different plants. Moreover, they make medicine for children using fat substances from the fish products. In fact, the interviewee remarked that Kenyas medical sector borrowed from the Luo traditional doctors how to prepare medicine to prevent children from coughing. The medicine is popularly known as cough sirup which is a by product of fish in Luo culture. Research QuestionsThe look for system selected for this proposed research study follows a qualitative approach. The qualitative method will be implemented because it follows the approach that allows for the collection and analysis of data that could not described through a quantitative approach. This approach is descriptive and inquisitive in nature, which is selected because of its relevance to the type of data collected and because of the draw a bead on of the study. Contrary to the quantitative research method, participants from this study will be promote to use their personal experiences to interpret and answer interview questions.Their demographic stage setting will also be significantly considered for the interpr etation of the test answers (Leed & Omrod, 2005). both form of quantifiable data that can be found in this study, will be analyzed according to descriptive statistics. Alise (2008) pointed out that under the qualitative research method, there is an interaction between the researcher and the participants. The following are the research questions 1) To what extent does Luo culture hinder effective health safety measures? 2) How does Luo culture affect health care practitioners? Is there any competition between healthcare practitioners and traditional doctors?Recommendations for Research Based on the findings of this study, it further recommends that a) There be an empirical investigation carried out in this community in order to ascertain the findings of this research b) Health agencies to study this culture more closely in order to help it improve on community health c) To explore other cultures in Kenya that top executive be having similar challenges Applications to Practice In or der to carry out ethnographic fieldwork among Luo Community and generate information based on qualitative analysis, it would be beneficial to learn more from medical anthropologists and professors.Moreover, there should be more research from the libraries to gain more insight on Luo culture and to familiarize more on the best methods to gather and cross-file information. checkup volunteers are traveling to work with the Luo community to cooperate with the traditional healers and record their conversations about herbs. They should make sure there is an interpreter available. The team can take pictures and identify herb clippings for their easier recognition. The volunteers can carry out antecedent research to compare with the current clinical use of the herbs and their dosages.Summary/Conclusion This study has established that Luo culture has got three languages namely English, Kiswahili and Dholuo. However, Dholuo is commonly used. Luo culture gives names according to seasons, ev ents, calamities or time. Luo are mixed farmers since they grow crops and keep animals at the same time. Luo culture values ugali and fish which serve as their staple food. Marriage is regarded in high esteem and especially when children come by. Children remain with the father even in cases of separation or divorce for that matter. Luo community constitutes of black people.Among the most common diseases affecting this community are malaria, malnutrition, kwashiorkor, typhoid, amoeba and HIV/Aids. The high risk behaviors include removal of teeth, tattoos, genital mutilation and other rights of passage that use non-sterilized equipment. Luo culture has got fourteen death rituals although their applications vary from age, sex, or occupation of the deceased. Moreover, this culture does not promote community health per se. traditionalistic doctors have an influential role although they recognize the role of professional medical practitioners.The folklore activities provide wonderful m oral stories that encourage the community to take care of the sick and especially the physically handicapped. The client interview data potently brings out Luo community as a changing culture, and in deed, for the better. However, the high risk behaviors still pose a great challenge to the health well being of its members. References Alise, M. (2008). Disciplinary differences in preferred research methods A comparison of groups in the Biglan Classification Scheme. Retrieved from North Central University website http//learners. ncu. edu/library/ncu_diss/default.aspx. Pritchard, E. E. 1965 (1949). Luo tribes and clans. In (E. E. Evans-Pritchard, ed. ) The Position of Women in Primitive Societies and Other Essays in Social Anthropology, pp. 205-227. Faber and Faber Ltd. , London. Gay, D. (1981). recent Kenya. New York Longman Isak, D. (1972) Out of Africa. New York Random House Institute of polity Analysis & Research (IPAR), (2004). HIV/Aids Scourge in Nyanza Province Poverty, Cultu re and Behavior Change. Journal of African Medical Care, Vol. 10, Issue 11. Kenya in Pictures, (1988). Minneapolis, Minn. Lerner Publications Co. Leed, P. D. and Ormrod, J. E. (2005).Practical Research Planning and Design (8th ed). Upper Saddle River, NJ Pearson. Liyong, T. (1972). universal Culture of East Africa. London Mboya, P. (1986) (unpublished). Luo Customs and Beliefs. , translated by Jane Achieng (1938, Luo Kitgi gi Timbegi). Millikin, A. S. (1906). sepulchre customs of the Wa-Kavirondo of the Kisumu Province. Man, 6 (35) 54-55. Ocholla-Ayayo, A. B. C. (1980). The Luo Culture A Reconstruction of a Traditional African Society Ochieng, E. (2009). History of Luo Culture. Journal of Kenyas Heritage, vol. 2 (22-45) Parker, S. (1989). sour Money Cultural Economy and Some African Meanings ofForbidden Commodities. American ethnological Society Monograph Series, no. 1. Washington, D. C Sinaiko, L. (1995). Holidays of the World Cookbook for Students. Phoenix, Ariz. Oryx Stein, R. (1985). Kenya. wampum Childrens Press Southall, A. (1952). Lineage Formation among the Luo. Memorandum of International African Institute, No. 26. Oxford University Press, London. Themes in Kenyan History (1990). Athens Ohio University Press Wakana SHIINO, (1997). Death Rituals in Luo Nyanza. Journal of Africa Study Monographs, 18 (3, 4) 213-228, Department of Social Anthropology, Tokyo metropolitan University,

Prohibition and Gangsters Essay

Cheap labour force due to continuous immigration pre WWI, including rough labour Onset of WWI and the Statess late entry reply to WWI & After Set up the League of Nations, scarcely did not heart and soul and chose to fol first base an isolationist policy Entered late into the war so thus had a plentiful supply of goods, and no physical damage on American soil Availability of natural resources e. g. oil, coal, wood, iron S doddering supplies to struggle countries during the war, as well as loans Economies in Europe were struggling to rebuild, allowing America to issue over as the worlds largest producer of products such(prenominal) as fertilisers.Technological advances made mechanisation, creation of plastic Economic circumspection Limited government intervention laissez-faire, with low taxes & few regulations advance economic growth in businesses Rugged individualism, belief that multitude succeeded with their own hard work Tariffs introduced to protect the US preservatio n bit duties on goods to the USA, along with a reduction in income tax rank to allow people to spend more on American goods instauration of new production methods the conveyor belt, which sped up production rates and plus profits.New materials introduced such as plastics and glass, helping create buildings such as skyscrapers Wages increased along with profits, more people could spend more on consumer luxuries Electrical power made widespread, usage of oil duplicate People were confident and now prepared to buy American goods and vest in the American economy Prosperity was a right, not a privilege people encouraged to spend Return to isolationism The US economy was increasingly protected by government intervention in the forms of tariffs Quota governance for immigration, closing the Open Doors policy.The Boom & Industries that benefited Motor industry, building works, stock foodstuff Advertising increased massively to fuel consumerism Low inflation, low unemployment, low in terest rates meant that people could afford to buy luxuries Hire bribe introduced to allow average earners to spend on luxuries Stock market cover prices rose steadily during the 1920s, until in 1928 where it suddenly rocketed Beginning of speculation, people unbidden to buy shares using loans Motor industry Car production relied on some other industries such as steel, petrol, glass and rubber.Techniques such as the gather line lowered costs of production, making cars more affordable emergence in purchase of cars guide to more roads being built, as well as hotels/restaurants which were now reachable Construction industry likewise benefited from the introduction of new materials, as well as greater enquire for factories, buildings etc. Transport services as more was invested into infrastructure such as roads, allowing buses to become common, as well as commercial flights doorway of de parcelment stores, where people helped themselves to goods.Suffering industries Coal, Rai lway, Textiles (Cotton/wool), Agriculture Old industries such as coal mining began to be in competition with oil * Cars began to take over the railway transport system, lessening the need for coal increase in technology meant less workers were needed for mining - unemployment begins Mines began to close chain reactor Textiles industries began to face competition when tariffs were lowered New materials such as rayon meant that old textiles fell out of favour in terms of cost and expertness in production Changes in fashion (short dresses etc.) meant less textiles were needed WWI led to farmers choosing to produce more, and this rate of production continued into the 1920.While they benefited during WWI, consumption began to go down as Europe began to recover and stopped relying on American produce, but there was already excess production Technologies such as tractors helped to increase production rates Farmers were therefore forced to sell their goods at a lower cost, and they refu sed to lower their production rates as they were unsure that other farmers would do the same.Many farmers became the poorest paid workers in the US and many had to get money to pay their mortgages, or face eviction and unemployment Society in the 1920s Women Position of women pre 1917 included limited unemployment, limited social positions (accompanied by chaperones), no role in politics as well as being expected to adhere to dress standards After 1917 as the US entered WWI, women were employed to work in the heavy industry and for the first period went out by themselves, smoked and drank in public Vote habituated in 1920.Consumer luxuries such as vacuums led to more women having leisure time Introduction of the Flappers women who challenged traditional attitudes, and were mainly middle and upper class leisure Newspapers & magazines fuelled consumption, as more people wanted to read about the latest issues and famous people Sport also took over, becoming a revolve around of ne wspapers, magazines as well as radio shows. Sporting figures such as Babe Ruth also challenged traditional society, where he was seen smoking and inebriety in public.Cinema visiting the cinema became popular as part of family life, especially with the introduction of talkies, and sex became a popular focus for movies. Cinemas were refurbished and some(prenominal) film studios were founded Radio First radio station started in 1920 (KDKA), with many more soon to come. Radio enabled people to listen to sporting events, music, advertisements and entertainment. acknowledge the jazz age, when jazz became popular, especially with the flappers despite its African American origins Prohibition and GangstersDrinking was largely believed to be hindering work efficiency, as well as being the cause of trouble, including in religion, leading to a ban on alcoholic drink People were driven to the black market to consume alcohol, including speakeasies which relied on corruption by paying off law of nature enforcement officers Smuggling of alcohol also became common (rum running), and some doctors provided medicinal whiskey Some of the illegally brewed alcohol was not checked and this led to poisoned alcohol This led to the rise in organised crime, or gangsterism, with one luminary figure being Al Capone Chicagos speakeasies, bookmakers, nightclubs etc.

How Attitudes to Marriage Have Changed Essay

In the past the great unwashed married at a much jr. age on average than they do today. Marrying in your late teens or early twenties was normal. Most people got married as this is what was evaluate of you, and people rarely considered non doing so.Many fewer try to bond these days. Many get to the conscious decisions not to as they prefer to outlive much independent. This can be the case for both genders. Some would betoken that people wait to meet the right person now, whereas before they would unify the first person who came along.Living Together while not get hitched withIn the past it was not socially satisfactory for unmarried straddles to live together. It was seen as wrong and was therefore extremely rare. It is possible that this contributed to early marriage. individual couples living together has almost become the norm now. Many settle to see how they get along living together before they decide to marry. It is also earthy for couples to live together, and po ssibly have children, without ever get married. They live the very(prenominal) way as a married couple without ever making it official.ChildrenIt used to be rare for people not to have children. Most people would conform to a genuinely particular emotional statestyle, marrying young and having children soon after. Hardly anyone had children before marriage, and it was even rarer for people to do this by choice.Nowadays it is not uncommon at all for people to have children without being married and this is not seen as a prominent issue by most. Sometimes parents live together as a family with their children without being married, while others are single parents. Not everyone decides to have children either. It is no longer seen as almostthing you must do so it has become more of a choice.The Role of WomenA hundred years ago, the role of women was very specific. They were expected to marry, have children, and not work. Their role was to look after the foundation and their chil dren while men went out to work.Womens role in family life, and life in general, now depends on the individual person and her circumstances. Many up to now crave the traditional lifestyle of marriage and children, but many make other choices. There are many more career women some are working parents while others dont have children at all. The role of men is also less rigid, and it is much more common than it used to be for Mothers to go to work while Fathers stay at home.DivorceDivorce was once illegal so wasnt an filling at all. Even once it did become legal it was rarely considered and was deemed a sin by many.Now it is much more common for a variety of reasons. Attitudes have completely changed and disarticulate is seen as perfectly acceptable for those in an unhappy marriage and there is no longer the same stigma attached to it. Although some think of the increase in divorce as a negative, it could be argued that it is better than remaining unhappy. It is also a good deal ea sier with family law having changed to make it easier for those seeking a divorce.

Biodegradation of Hydrocarbons from Crude Oil by Pseudomonas Putida

Bio adulteration of Hydrocarbons from Crude Oil by Pseudomonas putida A Project dvirtuoso down the stairs the advocate of Dr. K. Bharathi plane section of Biotechnology. Submitted to the faculty Of Department of Biotechnology National Institute Of Technology, Warangal (A. P) Submitted By Febin P. Nalpady, Anzal Rahman, Shruti Sharma, Sindhuja Nandiraju, Giraboina Kranthi Kumar find out INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY WARANGAL (A. P) (DEEMED UNIVERSITY) 2010-2011 DEPARTMENT OF BIOTECHNOLOGYNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, WARANGAL (A. P) certification This is to certify that the project entitled . carried away by .. , bearing wheeling no. . ,, final year B. Tech, Biotechnology, during academic year 2010-2011, is a bonafide pee-pee submitted to the National Institute of Technology, Warangal in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the requirements for the award of the micro place setting stage of Bachelor of Technology. Guide Dr. K Bharathi Dept. of Biotechnology NIT Waran gal ACKNOWLEDGEMENTWith great sport and deep sense of gratitude, we take this opportunity to express our sense of responsibility to Dr. K Bharathi, our project guide for accepting us under her skilful self to carry out this project hold up, and providing us his invaluable guidance and constant encouragement at each and every pervert passim the progress of this project. To be sincere it was an inextinguishable treasure of pleasure for us to plow under her ex stallent guidance. I would similarly like to thank the faculty of our department,Dr. P Sreenivasa Rao, Mr. Onkara Perumal and Mr. K. Narasimhulu.They were a pillar of strength for us and advance us to do our best. Name Roll no Table of content 1. Abstract 2. grounding 2. 1 Bioremediation 2. 2 The conventional proficiencys of remediation 2. 3 Advantages of Bioremediation 2. 4 Microbes that ar useful for bioremediation 3. Review of literature 3. 1 microbic humiliation 3. 2 Bio humiliation of crude colour hydrocarbo ns 3. 3 Factors affecting Degradation 3. 4 Mechanism of rock crude crude Hydrocarbon Degradation 4. Brief outline of the project work 5. Materials and Methods 5. 1 Preparation Of nutritive blood 5. 2 Preparation of food Agar Slants from the bacterial Strain 5. Preparation of SubCultures of Bacterial Strain 5. 4 Centrifugation of Crude Oil 5. 5 Subculturing Of Petri Plates with inunct 5. 6 Bio adulteration Studies 5. 7 hydrometric abstract 6. Results 6. 1 ontogenesis Analysis of Pseudomonas Putida 6. 2 gravimetric Analysis 7. Discussion 8. References 1. ABSTRACT Oil cast offs adjudge become a serious problem with the ever-increasing resource exploitation, transportation, store, and accidental leakage of embrocate. Several techniques, including forcible, chemic, and biological orders, argon utilize to recover spilled embrocate from the surround.Bioremediation is a promising plectrum for remediation since it is effective and economic in removing oil with less grou ndless environmental damages. However, it is a relatively slow exploit and the degree of supremacy depends on a exit of factors. These factors include the existence of a microbic population roofitalable of degrading the pollutants, the availability of contaminants to the microbial population and the environment factors argon fibre of injury, temperature, pH, the presence of oxygen and nutritives. This project aims to study the degradation extent of the pseudomonas putida on oil.The microbial strain utilize is procured from NCL pune. 2. Introduction In quantitative terms, crude oil is hotshot of the most crucial organic pollutants in naval environment and it has been estimated that worldwide somewhere in the midst of 1. 7- 8. 8? 106 tons of oil hydrocarbons impact shipboard soldier water systems and estuaries annually. Reports absorb been appearing since last three decades on the biodegradability of crude oil by bacteria which tush use hydrocarbons as source of car bon and energy. A way to mitigate the effects of oil spills is bioremediation. 2. 1 BioremediationIt is a process by which chemical substances argon degraded by bacteria and early(a) microorganisms. The use of these microorganisms has been successfully applied for the treatment of waste and wastewater in controlled systems. Several research studies comport recently been performed to investigate the use of bioremediation for oil-spill cleaning in seawater, freshwater and terrestrial aras. The technique has been form to have a potential for broad applications in terrestrial and freshwater environments for treating domains and sediments bemire with oil and other substances, as strong as for coastal environments impacted by oil spills.Water is a more sensitive medium than soil and requires dissimilar remediation techniques. Spills to sur present water are easier to clean up than spills to groundwater, for obvious reasons. It is non only much harder to see the extent of the con tamination, except also to pull back the source of the contamination as, for example, a leaking underground storage tank. 2. 2. The conventional techniques of remediation . The conventional techniques used for remediation have been to intrude up contaminated soil and take it to a landfill, or to poll and contain the contaminated areas of a spot.The methods have some drawbacks. The first method simply moves the contamination elsewhere and whitethorn create signifi flockt risks in the excavation, handling, and transport of hazardous material. Additionally, it is very difficult and increasingly expensive to keep new landfill sites for the final disposal of the material. A better approach than these handed- fell methods is to contendly destroy the pollutants if workable, or at least to transform them to innocent(p) substances.Some technologies that have been used are senior high-temperature incineration and various types of chemical degeneracy (e. g. , base-catalyzed dechlo rination, UV oxidation). They can be very effective at trim back levels of a image of contaminants, but have several drawbacks, principally their technological Byzantineity, the cost for small-scale application, and the lack of public acceptance, especially for incineration that may harvest-feast the exposure to contaminants for two the workers at the site and nearby re inclinents. . 3 Advantages of Bioremediation Bioremediation is an option that offers the possibility to destroy or render harmless various contaminants apply natural biological activity. As such, it uses relatively low-cost, low-technology techniques and can often be carried out on site. It go forth not always be suitable, however, as the range of contaminants on which it is effective is limited, the timescales involved are relatively long, and the rest contaminant levels achievable may not always be appropriate.Although the methodologies utilise are not technically complex, considerable experience and ex pertise may be required to design and implement a successful bioremediation program, receivable to the need to thoroughly assess a site for suitability and to optimise conditions to achieve a satisfactory result. Because bioremediation seems to be a good alternate(a) to conventional clean-up technologies research in this field, especially in the United States, apace increasing. Bioremediation has been used at a number of sites worldwide, including Europe, with varying degrees of success.Techniques are modify as greater knowledge and experience are gained, and there is no doubt that bioremediation has great potential for dealing with certain types of site contamination. Unfortunately, the principles, techniques, advantages, and disadvantages of bioremediation are not wide known or still, especially among those who will have to deal directly with bioremediation proposals, such as site owners and regulators. 2. 4 Microbes that are useful for bioremediation The biodegradation of crude in the leatherneck environment is carried out for the most part by diverse bacterial populations, including various Pseudomonas species.The hydrocarbon-biodegrading populations are widely distributed in the worlds oceans surveys of marine bacteria indicate that hydrocarbon-degrading microorganisms are ubiquitously distributed in the marine environment. Generally, in pristine environments, the hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria comprise 1% of the total bacterial population. These bacteria presumably utilize hydrocarbons that are naturally produced by plants, alga, and other living organisms. They also utilize other substrates, such as carbohydrates and proteins. When an nvironment is contaminated with oil color, the proportion of hydrocarbon-degrading microorganisms increases rapidly. In particular, in marine environments contaminated with hydrocarbons, there is an increase in the proportion of bacterial populations with plasmids containing genes for hydrocarbon utilization. The proportion of hydrocarbon-degrading bacterial populations in hydrocarbon-contaminated marine environments often exceed 10% of the total bacterial population 3. Review of Literature 3. 1 Biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbonsBiodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons is a complex process that depends on the nature and on the get of the hydrocarbons present. Petroleum hydrocarbons can be divided into four classes the saturates, the aromatics, the asphaltenes (phenols, fatty acids, ketones, esters, and porphyrins), and the resins (pyridines, quinolines, carbazoles, sulfoxides, and amides) R. R. Col strong, J. D. Walker, and J. J. Cooney, Ecological aspects of microbial degradation of petroleum in the marine environment,. Di? erent factors in? uencing hydrocarbon degradation have been reported by Cooney et al.One of the distinguished factors that limit biodegradation of oil pollutants in the environment is their limited availability to microorganisms. Petroleum hydrocarbon compoun ds bind to soil components, and they are difficult to be removed or degraded S. Barathi and N. Vasudevan, Utilization of petroleum hydrocarbons by Pseudomonas ? uorescens single out from a petroleum-contaminated soil. Hydrocarbons di? er in their might to microbial attack. The susceptibility of hydrocarbons to microbial degradation can be largely ranked as follows linear alkanes branched alkanes small aromatics cyclic alkanes J. J.Perry, microbic metabolism of cyclic alkanes, in Petroleum Microbiology. Some compounds, such as the high molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), may not be degraded at all. 3. 2 Microbial degradation Microbial degradation is the major and ultimate natural mechanism by which one can cleanup the petroleum hydrocarbon pollutants from the environment 1-3 The recognition of biodegraded petroleum-derived aromatic hydrocarbons in marine sediments was reported by Jones et al. They studied the extensive biodegradation o alkyl aromatics in m arine sediments which kick the bucketred prior to detectable biodegradation of n-alkane pro? e of the crude oil and the microorganisms, namely, Arthrobacter, Burkholderia, Mycobacterium, Pseudomonas, Sphingomonas, and Rhodococcus were put up to be involved for alkylaromatic degradation. Microbial degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons in a contaminate tropical stream in Lagos, Nigeria was reported by Adebusoye et al. nightclub bacterial strains, namely, Pseudomonas ? uorescens, P. aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus sp. , Alcaligenes sp. , Acinetobacter lwo? ,Flavobacteriumsp. , Micrococcus roseus, and Corynebacterium sp. were apart(p) from the polluted stream which could degrade crude oil.Hydrocarbons in the environment are biodegraded earlier by bacteria, yeast, and fungi. The reported e? ciency of biodegradation ranged from 6% to 82% for soil fungi, 0. 13% to 50% for soil bacteria, and 0. 003% to 100% 6 for marine bacteria. Many scientists reported that tangled populati ons with overall broad enzymatic capacities are required to degrade complex mixtures of hydrocarbons such as crude oil in soil, fresh water, and marine environments 8. Bacteria are the most active agents in petroleum degradation, and they work as primary degraders of spilled oil in environment 7.Several bacteria are even known to feed exclusively on hydrocarbons 9. sluiceway 36 listed 25 genera of hydrocarbon degrading bacteria and 25 genera of hydrocarbon degrading fungi which were set-apart from marine environment. A similar compilation by Bartha and Bossert 6 included 22 genera of bacteria and 31 genera of fungi. In earlier solar years, the extent to which bacteria, yeast, and ? lamentous fungi introduce in the biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons was the subject of limited study, but appeared to be a function of the ecosystem and local environmental conditions 7.Crude petroleum oil from petroleum contaminated soil from noth East India was reported by rabbit and Mukher jee . Acinetobacter sp. Was found to be capable of utilizing n-alkanes of chain length C10C40 as a sole source of carbon 6. Bacterial genera, namely, Gordonia, Brevibacterium, Aeromicrobium, Dietzia, Burkholderia, and Mycobacterium disjointed from petroleum contaminated soil proved to be the potential organisms for hydrocarbon degradation 9. The degradation of poly- aromatic hydrocarbons by Sphingomonas was reported by Daugulis and McCracken .Fungal genera, namely, Amorphoteca, Neosartorya, Talaromyces, and Graphium and yeast genera, namely, Candida, Yarrowia, and Pichia were isolated from petroleum contaminated soil and proved to be the potential organisms for hydrocarbon degradation Singh et al. also reported a group of terrestrial fungi, namely, Aspergillus, Cephalosporium, and Pencillium which were also found to be the potential degrader of crude oil hydrocarbons. The yeast species, namely, Candida lipolytica, Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, Geotrichum sp, and Trichosporon mucoides isolated from contaminated water were noted to degrade petroleum compounds 5.Though algae and protozoa are the important members of the microbial community in both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, reports are scanty regarding their involvement in hydrocarbon biodegradation. Walker et al. isolated an alga, Prototheca zop? which was capable of utilizing crudeoil and a interracial hydrocarbon substrate and exhibited extensive degradation of n-alkanes and isoalkanes as well a aromatic hydrocarbons. Cerniglia et al. observed tha nine cyanobacteria, ? ve green algae, one red alga, one brown alga, and two diatoms could oxidize naphthalene.Protozoa by contrast, had not been shown to utilize hydrocarbons. 3. 3 Factors affecting Degradation A number of limiting factors have been recognized to a? ect the biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons, some of which have been discussed by Brusseau. The composition and inherent biodegradability of the petroleum hydrocarbon pollutant is the ? rs t and foremost important consideration when the suitability of a remediation approach is to be assessed. Among physical factors, temperature plays an important role in biodegradation of hydrocarbons by directly a? ecting the chemical science of the pollutants as well as a? cting the physiology and diversity of the microbial ? ora. atlas vertebra 4 found that at low temperatures, the viscosity of the oil increased, bandage the excitableness of the toxic low molecular weight hydrocarbons were reduced, delaying the onset of biodegradation. Temperature also a? ects the solubility of hydrocarbons 8. Although hydrocarbon biodegradation can occur over a wide range of temperatures, the rate of biodegradation generally decreases with the decreasing temperature. shows that highest degradation rates that generally occur in the range 3040? C in soil environments, 2030?Cin some freshwater environments and 1520? C in marine environments . Venosa and Zhu 11 reported thatambient temperature of the environment a? ected both the properties of spilled oil and the activity of the microorganisms. Signi? cant biodegradation of hydrocarbons have been reported in psychrophilic environments in equable regions. alimentals are very important ingredients for successful biodegradation of hydrocarbon pollutants especially normality, phosphorus, and in some cases iron 8. Some of these nutrients could become limiting factor thus a? ecting the biodegradation processes.Atlas 11 reported that when a major oil spill occurred in marine and freshwater environments, the supply of carbon was signi? cantly increased and the availability of due north and phosphorus generally became the limiting factor for oil degradation. In marine environments, it was found to be more pronounced due to low levels of nitrogen and phosphorous in seawater 10. Freshwater wetlands are typically considered to be nutrient de? cient due to heavy demands of nutrients by the plants. Therefore, additions of nutrients we re necessary to enhance the biodegradation of oil pollutant.On the other hand, excessive nutrient concentrations can also oppress the biodegradation activity 11. Several authors have reported the negative e? ects of high NPK levels on the biodegradation of hydrocarbons especially on aromatics 10. The e? ectiveness of fertilizers for the crude oil bioremediation in subarctic intertidal sediments was studied by Pel allowier et al. . Use of bird manure as organic fertilizer in contaminated soil was also reported , and biodegradation was found to be enhanced in the presence of poultry manure alone. Maki et al. eported that photo-oxidation increased the biodegradability of petroleum hydrocarbon by increasing its bioavailability and thus enhancing microbial activities. 3. 4 Mechanism of Petroleum Hydrocarbon Degradation The most rapid and complete degradation of the majority of organic pollutants is brought about under aerobic conditions. issue 2 shows the main principle of aerobic de gradation of hydrocarbons 11. The initial intracellular attack of organic pollutants is an oxidative process and the activation as well as incorporation of oxygen is the enzymatic key reaction catalyzed by oxygenases and peroxidases.Peripheral degradation pathways convert organic pollutants step by step into intermediates of the central intermediary metabolism, for example, the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Biosynthesis of cell biomass occurs from the central predecessor metabolites, for example, acetyl-CoA, succinate, pyruvate. Sugars required for various biosyntheses and growth are synthesized by gluconeogenesis. The degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons can be mediated by speci? c enzyme system. Figure 3 shows the initial attack on xenobiotics by oxygenases.Other mechanisms involved are (1) affixation of microbial cells to the substrates and (2) production of biosurfactants 12. The uptake mechanism linked to the attachment of cell to oil droplet is still unknown but production of b iosurfactants has been well studied. 4. Brief outline of the project work 1. procural of oil Samples. 2. Procurement of Pseudomonas putida strain. 3. Sub-culturing the microbe in nutrient rich media for checking viability.. 4. Culturing microbes on a mineral salt media containing only crude oil as a carbon source. 5. Biodegradation studies. 6. Gravimetric analytic thinking 5.Materials and Methods Soil Samples Samples(500g) contaminated with oil used for hydrocarbons utilizing microorganisms, were tranquil from Nhava Sheva port in Mumbai(where a recent oil spill has took place). Crude Oil Crude Oil is procured from an Oil production site of ONGC. Bacterial Strain Pseudomonas Putida PS-I strain procured from NCL Pune. 5. 1 Preparation Of Nutrient Broth For preparedness of nutrient agar, malt extract, yeast extract, Potassium dihydrogen inorganic phosphate and dextrose is required. Malt extract and yeast extract is generally used as a nutritious agent. Potassium dihydrogen phosp hate i. . KH2PO4 is used as a buffering agent to maintain the pH. Dextrose is generally used as a carbon source because dextrose inhibits the growth of other micro-organisms. sterilise is a device to sterilize equipment and supplies by subjecting them to high pressure go at 121 C or more. Machines in this category largely black market by utilizing pressurized steam and superheated water. To sterilize culture media, rubber material, gowns, dressing, gloves etc. are used. It is particularly useful for materials which cannot withstand the higher temperature of hot air oven. CHEMICALS need- For 1000ml,Malt extract 10 gm Beef Extract 4 gm K2HPO4 1 gm Magnesium sulphate 1 gm Sodium Chloride 0. 5 gm pH 7. 0 Agar 15% PROCEDURE- For preparation of 100ml of nutrient broth, around 100ml of double distilled water was taken in a conical flask. Malt extract, yeast extract, KH2PO4 and dextrose was weighed as per the composition mentioned above and added to the conical flask.The conica l flasks are to be tottern so well so that all the chemicals should dissolve. pH was checked apply pH meter and adjusted to 7. 0 using NaOH and HCl. The volume was do to 100ml by adding double distilled water. The above solution i. e. nutrient agar along with the Petri-plates was autoclaved at 15 psi and 15 minutes. instanter the solution was allowed to imperturbable start to ready to pour condition. PRECAUTIONS- The autoclave should be done at 15 psi and 15 min. The pH should be maintained at 7. 0. 5. 2 Preparation of Nutrient Agar Slants from the Bacterial StrainFor the preparation of Slants, Flame the inoculating tat to redness by holding it pointed down into the blast, starting near the hide and wherefore moving the tat into the flame. This technique sterilizes the eyehole and, if wet with a culture, heats up the circulate without spattering bacteria into the air and onto the surrounding area. let the loop cool a minute. A hot loop will damage the bacteria cells. U sing the fingers of the loop hand remove the cap from the stock culture thermionic valve and flame the organ pipe mouth. Do not set the tube top down on the table. stick in the cooled sterilized loop into the culture tube be careful to not continue the sides of the tube. Touch the loop to the culture. You need not scrape a evident amount from the culture. Hold the tube as horizontal as possible to preclude particles from the air settling into the tube But do see to it out for any condensate in the bottom of huckster cultures. Dont let this fluid wash across the face of the culture. Remove the loop organism careful again to not equate the tube sides. Flame the tube mouth and replace the cap. Remove the cap of the broth tube. Flame the top. memorialize to hold the top in your fingers. Insert the loop into the Slant tube filled with agar and shake to remove the bacteria. Withdraw the loop, flame the tube mouth and replace the cap. Resterilize the inoculating loop and place it on the table. Never place a contaminated loop on the table. If there is any liquid in the bottom of the slant tube avoid sticking the loop into this condensate. 5. 3 Preparation of SubCultures of Bacterial Strain The Nutrient Broth Cultures are inoculated with the bacterial strain from the nutrient agar slant as detailed below. PROCEDURE Light your bunsen burner burner.In one hand hold both the Nutrient Broth culture to be inoculated and the nutrient slant agar. Loosen the tube caps. In your other hand hold the inoculating loop. Flame the inoculating loop to redness by holding it pointed down into the flame, starting near the handle and then moving the loop into the flame. This technique sterilizes the loop and, if wet with a culture, heats up the loop without spattering bacteria into the air and onto the surrounding area. Let the loop cool a minute. A hot loop will damage the bacteria cells. Using the fingers of the loop hand remove the cap from the stock culture tube and flame the tube mouth.Do not set the tube top down on the table. Insert the cooled sterilized loop into the slant tube being careful to not touch the sides of the tube. Touch the loop to the culture. You need not scrape a visible amount from the culture. Hold the tube as horizontal as possible to preclude particles from the air settling into the tube But do watch out for any condensate in the bottom of slant cultures. Dont let this fluid wash across the face of the culture. Remove the loop being careful again to not touch the tube sides. Flame the tube mouth and replace the cap. Remove the cap of the broth tube. Flame the top.Remember to hold the top in your fingers. Insert the loop into the broth and shake to remove the bacteria. Gently shake the broth culture. This inoculated broth culture is incubated at room temperature for 72 hours and the bacteria is allowed to grow in the broth medium. 5. 4 Centrifugation of Crude Oil Centrifugation is a process that involves the use of the centrifugal throw for the separation of mixtures with a centrifuge, used in industry and in laboratory settings. More-dense components of the mixture move away from the axis of the centrifuge, while less-dense components of the mixture migrate towards the axis.The precipitate (pellet) gathers on the bottom of the tube. The remaining solution is properly called the supernate or supernatant liquid The Crude Oil is Centrufuged at a animate of 5000 rpm for a period of ten minutes. The Contaminants in the oil are collected at the bottom of the tube in the form of pellets. These pellets can be removed by filtration using a filter paper. Now the concentrates oil which is free from impurities is collected in a flask and softly shaken. Spectophotometric Analysis Optical density, measured in a spectrophotometer, can be used as a measure of the concentration of bacteria in a suspension.As visible light passes through a cell suspension the light is scattered. Greater scatter indicates that more bacte ria or other material is present. The amount of light scatter can be measured in a spectrophotometer. Typically, when working with a particular type of cell, you would determine the optical density at a particular wavelength that correlates with the different phases of bacterial growth. Generally we will want to use cells that are in their mid-log phase of growth. Typically the OD600 is measured. 5. 5 Subculturing Of Petri Plates with oil % of crude oil is mixed with 100 ml of Nutrient broth medium. The 1. 5g of agar is added to the medium and Nutrient Agar(with 1% crude oil) is prepared. Now take 6 Petri dishes. Open one of the dishes. Take the nutrient agar to be added and Swab the agar, barely pressing, side to side on the entire surface. The dish is closed immediately afterwards swabbing to foil contamination. The dish is sealed with tape around the edges to prevent contamination. Repeat the same procedure for the other dishes. Put the dishes in an incubator for 4 days to allo w some growth. 5. 6 Biodegradation StudiesLaboratory Biodegradation studies were carried out under optimized conditions for assessing the biodegradation potential of the pseudomonas putida PS-I Strain. After the desired interval of time, the petriplates were taken out and the bacterial activities were stopped by adding 1% N HCl. For the inception of crude oil from these plates, 50ml of culture broth was mixed with 50 ml of propanone petroleum ether (11) in a single separating displace and shaken vigorously to get a single emulsified layer and acetone was added then to it and shaken gently to break the emulsification which resulted in three layers. sneak layer was a mixture of Petroleum ether crude oil and acetone. Clumping cells aere formed in the middle layer and the bottom layer contains acetone, water and biosurfactant in soluble form. The lower two layers were separated out while the top layer containing petroleum ether mixed with crude oil and acetone is taken out in a fres h beaker. The extracted oil is passed through anhydrous sodium sulphate in order to remove the moisture. The petroleum ether and acetone were evaporated on a water bathe leaving us with the dry oil clump. 5. 7 Gravimetric AnalysisGravimetric analysis describes a set of methods in analytical alchemy for the quantitative determination of an analyte based on the mass of a solid. the analyte essential first be converted to a solid by hastiness with an appropriate reagent. The precipitate can then be collected by filtration, washed, dried to remove traces of moisture from the solution, and weighed. The amount of analyte in the original prototype can then be calculated from the mass of the precipitate and its chemical composition. Gravimetric analysis is performed on the dry oil clump collected after the water bath.It is done by weighing the quantity of counterweight oil left after biodegradation in a tared vial. The mass of this melting pot is subtracted from the initial mass of th e 1% of oil that is added in the petridishes giving the amount of oil that is degraded due to the biological avtivity of the pseudomonas putida strain. 6. Results 6. 1 Growth Analysis of Pseudomonas Putida The culture which was obtained in test tube slants was encourage sub cultured in conical flasks in a LB medium and the growth analysis was done to check the viability of the culture obtained. The growth kinetics plot was obtained by measuring the O. D. y using a visible spectrophotometer and recording the reading at regular intervals. The Graph was then plotted. 6. 2 Gravimetric Analysis Biodegradation studies were conducted for 15 days and gravimetric analysis was done after every five days. The biodegradation effect was seen from the 5th day onwards. Laboratory biodegradation studies on crude oil by Pseudomonas putida No. Of Days Initial Concn Final Concn Difference Degradation (%) 5 days 1. 431 . 57 1. 325 . 46 0. 106 . 11 7. 4 10 days 1. 453 . 71 1. 198 . 38 0. 255 . 34 17. 54 15 days 1. 398 . 68 0. 936 . 31 0. 62 . 28 33. 04 7. Discussion It can be seen that the degradation plowshare of oil has increased from mere 7. 41 in the first 5 days to a good 33. 04 percentage towards the 15th day, from this it is clearly understood that pseudomonas putida is an ideal organism for bioremediation programmes. Moreover this rate of degradation has been obtained under normal conditions without any aid from surfactants or fertilizers. Hence there is scope for achieving much greater rates by using the above mentioned methods of fertilizing or adding surfactants. 8. BIBLIOGRAPHY (1). U. S. Enviromental protective covering Agency (1990).Interim Report, Oil Spill Bioremediation Project. U. 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